The A4400 (or Inner Ring Road or Queensway) was a main road in Birmingham, United Kingdom which previously formed a ring around the city centre. Junctions on the road were largely grade separated, with pedestrians kept physically separate from vehicular traffic and most junctions allowing vehicles staying on the road to pass over or underneath those using the junction. It is now widely regarded as one of the classic urban planning blunders of the 20th century.[1][2]
Although seen as a revolutionary improvement when the first section of it opened in 1960, the 'Concrete Collar', as it became known, was viewed by council planners as an impenetrable barrier for the expansion of the city centre. In particular, it became unpopular with pedestrians, who were required to use subways at the roundabouts – an unpopular route due to fears of attacks by thieves and muggers. However, these fears are not held ubiquitously, with some users citing the efficiency of grade separated design.[3]
Since 1988, the city council has sought to recreate links between the city centre and the neighbouring areas, enlarging the city centre and improving the pedestrian environment across the city, with an emphasis on shifting vehicular movements out to the Middle Ring Road.[4] 'Improvements' in this context are defined in part as introducing pedestrian crossings to replace underpasses,[5] and it is important to note that not everyone considers these modifications to be improvements.[6]
It was first planned by Herbert Manzoni in the 1943 and an Act of Parliament permitting construction was passed in 1946. Due to financial controls, the first part of the ring road, Smallbrook Queensway, did not begin construction until 1957 and was completed in 1960. The entire ring road was opened by Elizabeth II in 1971.
However, since the 1990s, some of Queensway has been altered in order to reverse the earlier strict separation of road and pedestrian traffic with a view to providing a more attractive environment for pedestrians, deter through traffic, and reducing the severance effects of the Inner Ring Road. A number of the altered junctions are in regeneration areas, such as Masshouse. In early 2008, the St Chads Queensway area near the St. Chad's Cathedral was modified to remove pedestrian underpasses and bring all pedestrian and car traffic back on to the traditional street level.
The road previously consisted on the following roads (anticlockwise from A38(M) approach (Aston Expressway):
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